The term major is used to describe a triad that is a product of the major scale. Using any know major scale, let’s say C major, a major triad can be formed by stacking thirds. From C, a third above C will add an E note: This has given us two notes. A Major hit in B or C Zones scores four points, but only three for Minor. Major calibers score two points for a D Zone, while Minor gets only one point. The score for the stage is determined by dividing the points scored by the time it took to complete the stage, with any accrued penalties being added.
Major and minor loss in pipe, tubes and duct systems
The head loss of a pipe, tube or duct system, is the same as that produced in a straight pipe or duct whose length is equal to the pipes of the original systems plus the sum of the equivalent lengths of all the components in the system. This can be expressed as
hloss = Σ hmajor_losses + Σ hminor_losses (1)
where
hloss = total head loss in the pipe or duct system
hmajor_losses = major loss due to friction in the pipe or duct system
hminor_losses = minor loss due to the components in the system
- Major Head Loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to friction in pipes and ducts.
- Minor Head Loss - head loss or pressure loss - due to components as valves, bends, tees and the like in the pipe or duct system.
Summarized Major Losses
The major head loss for a single pipe or duct can be expressed as:
hmajor_loss = λ (l / dh) (v2 / 2 g) (2)
where
hloss = head loss (m, ft)
λ = Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient
l = length of duct or pipe (m)
dh = hydraulic diameter (m)
v = flow velocity (m/s, ft/s)
g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2, ft/s2)
Note! - the head unit is with reference to the density of the flowing fluid. For other units - like mm Water Column - check Velocity Pressure Head.
Summarized Minor Losses
Minor head loss can be expressed as:
hminor_loss = ξ v2/ 2 g (3)
where
ξ = minor loss coefficient
Since the velocity - v - in equation (2) in general is related to the pipe or duct where the component is located, the sum of the minor losses in a pipe or duct can be expressed as:
Σ hminor_losses = Σ ξ (v2/ 2 g) (4)
The minor loss can be calculated by summarizing the minor loss coefficients - and multiplying the sum with the dynamic pressure head.
Total Head Loss in a Single Pipe or Duct
The total head loss for a single pipe can be calculated by using equation (1) and (3):
hloss_single = λ (l / dh) (v2 / 2 g) + Σ ξ v2/ 2 g (5)
or
hloss_single = (λ (l / dh) + Σ ξ ) (v2/ 2 g) (6)
Total Head Loss in Serial Connected Pipes
The total head loss in several serial connected pipes can be calculated by adding the total head loss in each pipe or duct. The total head loss can be expressed as:
hloss_serial = Σ [(λ1 (l1 / dh1) + Σ ξ1) (v12/ 2 g) + .. + λn (ln / dhn) + Σ ξn) (vn2/ 2 g)] (7)
for 1 to n serial connected pipes
Related Topics
- Fluid Mechanics - The study of fluids - liquids and gases. Involves velocity, pressure, density and temperature as functions of space and time
- Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop - Pipe lines - fluid flow and pressure loss - water, sewer, steel pipes, pvc pipes, copper tubes and more
Related Documents
- Converting Pump Head to Pressure and Vice Versa - Converting head (ft or m) to pressure (psi or bar, kg/cm2) and vice versa
- Head Rise and the Energy Equation - for Pump or Fan - The energy equation can be used to calculate head rise in pumps or fans
- Hydraulic Diameter - Hydraulic diameter of pipes and ducts
- Minor or Dynamic Loss Coefficients for Pipe or Tube System Components - Minor loss coefficients for commonly used components in pipe and tube systems
- Minor Pressure Head Loss in Pipe and Duct Components - Equivalent Lengths - Minor pressure and head loss in pipes, tubes and duct systems
- Pipes - in Series or Parallel - Pressure loss in pipes connected in series or parallel
- Pressure Gradient Diagrams - A pressure gradient diagram is a graphical presentation of the static pressure throughout a fluid flow system
- Pressure to Head - Unit Converter - Convert between pressure and head units - like lb/in2, atm, inches mercury, bars, Pa and more ..
- Velocity Pressure Head - Dynamic pressure and velocity head
- Water Flow and Velocity Head in Steel Pipes - Schedule 40 - Velocity head used to calculate minor pressure or head loss in fluid flow systems
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